Nearly 200 nations agreed Thursday to launch a fund to support countries hit by global warming, in a "historic" moment at the start of UN climate talks in the oil-rich UAE.
The announcement came as the Emirati host of the COP28 talks declared that fossil fuels must be part of any climate deal negotiated over the next two weeks.
The talks in Dubai come at a pivotal moment for the planet, with emissions still rising and the UN on Thursday declaring 2023 on track to become the hottest year in human history.
The formal establishment of the "loss and damage" fund long sought by climate-vulnerable nations provided an early win at COP28, where sharp divisions over the phasing out of fossil fuels were immediately apparent.
"We have delivered history today," said COP28 president Sultan Al Jaber as delegates embraced and cheered.
Jaber said it was "the first time a decision has been adopted on day one of any COP and the speed in which we have done so is also unique, phenomenal and historic.
"This is evidence that we can deliver. COP28 can and will deliver," he said.
Leaders have been urged to move more quickly to a clean energy future and make deeper cuts to emissions, with the world off-track to keep global temperature rises below agreed levels.
A central focus of COP28 will be a stocktake of the world's limited progress on curbing global warming, which requires an official response at these talks.
- 'Help our people' -
Double the size of last year's COP27, the conference is billed as the largest ever with 97,000 people, including Britain's King Charles III and some 180 other heads of state and government expected to attend.
The UN and hosts the UAE say the talks will be the most important since Paris in 2015, and climate finance for poorer nations has been a key agenda item.
The UAE sees itself as a bridge between the rich developed nations most responsible for historic emissions and the rest of the world, which has contributed less to global warming but suffers its worst consequences.
The UAE and Germany immediately announced $100 million each toward the loss and damage fund with the European Union following with $246 million.
More pledges are expected in coming days, but the amounts fall well short of the $100 billion developing nations say are needed.
"The progress we've made in establishing a loss and damage fund is hugely significant for climate justice, but an empty fund can't help our people," warned Madeleine Diouf Sarr, chair of the Group of the 46 Least Developed Countries.
The 50-year-old Jaber is both COP president and head of UAE's national oil giant, raising concerns over a conflict of interest amid calls for a phasedown of fossil fuels to be negotiated in Dubai.
On the eve of COP, Jaber was forced to deny that he used the COP presidency to pursue new fossil fuel deals, allegations first reported by the BBC.
In his opening address, Jaber told delegates they must "ensure the inclusion of the role of fossil fuels" in any final climate agreement and praised oil companies for coming to the table.
"They can lead the way. And then leading the way will ensure that others follow and catch up," he said.
But UN climate chief Simon Stiell told the meeting: "If we do not signal the terminal decline of the fossil fuel era as we know it, we welcome our own terminal decline."
And Pope Francis, who cancelled his trip to COP28 due to illness, urged participants to reject "the vested interests of certain countries or businesses", in a statement posted on X, formerly Twitter.
- Silence for Gaza -
Finding a common position on the future of fossil fuels will be difficult at COP where all nations -- whether dependent on oil, sinking beneath rising seas or locked in geopolitical rivalry -- must take decisions unanimously.
The UAE hopes to marshal an agreement on the tripling of renewable energy and doubling the annual rate of energy efficiency improvements by 2030.
Nations will navigate a range of thorny issues between November 30 and December 12, and experts say building trust could be a huge challenge.
At the opening of the conference, delegates paused for a minute's silence for civilians killed in the Gaza conflict.
On the sidelines, Israeli President Isaac Herzog will hold talks with diplomats on the release of hostages held by Hamas, his office said.
Neither US President Joe Biden nor Chinese President Xi Jinping are attending, though Washington is sending Vice-President Kamala Harris.
But the US and China, the world's two biggest polluters, did make a rare joint announcement on the climate this month that spurred optimism going into COP28.
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