The fate of Wagner private mercenary group founder Yevgeny Prigozhin was unclear on Wednesday evening, after his name was listed among passengers of a plane that crashed north of Moscow.
Once an elusive figure, Prigozhin was thrust into the spotlight through his group's close involvement in Russia's invasion of Ukraine, securing rare victories for the Kremlin.
Prigozhin led an armed insurrection against Russian President Vladimir Putin two months ago to the day on June 23, after railing against the country's military brass over their handling of the Ukraine war.
His group started marching towards Moscow, shooting down military aircraft and killing Russian servicemen. But it was abruptly halted when a deal was brokered by Belarusian leader Alexander Lukashenko.
Criminal charges were dropped against the Wagner boss, who was supposed to go to neighboring Belarus. Putin said in a speech at the time that those on the "path of treason" would face punishment.
And yet, in the months since, Prigozhin hasn't exactly kept a low profile, popping up in St. Petersburg and, earlier this week, he claimed, in Africa.
Humble beginnings
Putin and Prigozhin share relatively humble beginnings, and the Wagner chief grew up in the tougher neighborhoods of St. Petersburg, which is also the president's hometown.
The men have known each other since the 1990s. The pair reportedly met after Prigozhin's release following a nine-year stint in prison for fraud and robbery, according to Russian media reports.
Upon leaving jail, he went into the catering business. Putin turned to him to provide food for his birthday parties as well as dinners with visiting leaders, including US President George Bush and Jacques Chirac of France. A headline in The Moscow Times once referred to Prigozhin as Putin's "Personal Chef."
Prigozhin subsequently won lucrative catering contracts for schools and Russia's armed forces. He escorted Putin around his new food-processing factory in 2010. By then he was very much a Kremlin insider with a growing commercial empire.
His transformation from wealthy oligarch into a brutal warlord came in the aftermath of the 2014 Russian-backed separatist movement in the Donbas in eastern Ukraine.
Prigozhin founded Wagner that year as a mercenary outfit that fought both in Ukraine and, increasingly, for Russian-backed causes around the world. He would deny his connection to the shadowy outfit for years despite evidence to the contrary.
CNN has tracked Wagner mercenaries in the Central African Republic, Sudan, Libya, Mozambique, Mali, Ukraine and Syria. Over the years they have developed a gruesome reputation and have been linked to multiple human rights abuses.
Meanwhile, his business empire soon extended well beyond kitchens and battlefields. He also set up a Russian troll farm in St. Petersburg, the Internet Research Agency (IRA), where provocateurs were paid by Prigozhin to interfere with and undermine the 2016 US presidential election.
The US Treasury Department sanctioned the IRA in 2018, accusing it of having "created and managed a vast number of fake online personas that posed as legitimate US persons to include grassroots organizations, interest groups, and a state political party on social media."
After Russia's 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Wagner -- bolstered by Russian convicts lured to its ranks personally by Prigozhin with promises of pardons and high salaries -- took center stage. Its forces were heavily involved in taking the Ukrainian towns of Soledar and Bakhmut. And, Prigozhin went from being a once camera-shy figure into a social media star, taking a far more active role on the front line than any of his Kremlin backers.
As the regular Russian army campaign was bogged down by setbacks and disorganization, he and his Wagner fighters appeared to be the only ones capable of delivering tangible progress for the Russian side.
Dilemma for Putin
Known for its disregard for the lives of its own soldiers, Wagner's brutal and often lawless tactics are believed to have resulted in high numbers of casualties, as new recruits are sent into battle with little formal training -- a process described by retired United States Lt. Gen. Mark Hertling as "like feeding meat to a meat grinder."
Prigozhin has used social media to lobby for what he wants and often cast himself as competent and ruthless in contrast to the Kremlin's military establishment.
In recent months, Prigozhin has created a dilemma for Putin by becoming an outspoken critic of Russia's military leaders.
In one particularly grim video from early May, Prigozhin stood next to a pile of dead Wagner fighters and took aim specifically at Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu and chief of the Russian armed forces, Gen. Valery Gerasimov.
"The blood is still fresh," he said, pointing to the bodies behind him. "They came here as volunteers and are dying so you can sit like fat cats in your luxury offices."
After complaining for well over a month of receiving insufficient support from the Kremlin in the grueling fight for the eastern city of Bakhmut, he announced in May that his troops would withdraw.
Prigozhin launched an all-out rebellion against the Kremlin in June at time when many observers were questioning if he was going too far with his increasingly outrageous outbursts.
The Wagner mutiny began when Prigozhin unleashed a fresh tirade against the Russian military and then marched his troops into the Russian city of Rostov-on-Don.
Staring down a sudden and staggering escalation of internal tensions that have simmered for months, Putin called Wagner's actions "treason."
"It is a stab in the back of our country and our people," the president said in an address after Wagner's about-face.
Prigozhin responded on Telegram saying that Putin was "deeply mistaken."
"We are patriots of our Motherland, we fought and are fighting," the Wagner chief said.
