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Scientists are challenging the way many people think about ancient hunter gatherers, after finding that women may have been better hunters than men. New findings have shown that while there are clear differences between the sexes when it comes to biology, the idea of men being naturally better suited to hunting is a myth. New research from professor Cara Ocobock points to women being metabolically better placed to hunt. Ocobock is an assistant professor in the Department of Anthropology and director of the Human Energetics Laboratory at the University of Notre Dame. She published a study on the subject alongside anthropologist Sarah Lacy at the University of Delaware. The research also points to female hunters dating back to the Holocene period which were uncovered buried with hunting tools – and they’re challenging widely held assumptions over gender roles with the study. Ocobock said in a statement: "This was what everyone was used to seeing. This was the assumption that we've all just had in our minds and that was carried through in our museums of natural history." “Here we review and present emerging physiological evidence that females may be metabolically better suited for endurance activities such as running, which could have profound implications for understanding subsistence capabilities and patterns in the past,” the pair wrote. That’s due to the fact that the presence of the hormones estrogen and adiponectin give women the upper hand when it comes to endurance – a factor which would have been “critical in early hunting because they would have had to run the animals down into exhaustion before actually going in for the kill”. The presence of those hormones is better for modulating fat and glucose. As such, estrogen makes the body use stored fats for energy before turning to carbohydrates. “Since fat contains more calories than carbs do, it’s a longer, slower burn, which means that the same sustained energy can keep you going longer and can delay fatigue,” Ocobock said. “Estrogen is really the unsung hero of life, in my mind. It is so important for cardiovascular and metabolic health, brain development and injury recovery.” “With the typically wider hip structure of the female, they are able to rotate their hips, lengthening their steps. The longer steps you can take, the ‘cheaper’ they are metabolically, and the farther you can get, faster.” “When you look at human physiology this way, you can think of women as the marathon runners versus men as the powerlifters.” Sign up for our free Indy100 weekly newsletter How to join the indy100's free WhatsApp channel Have your say in our news democracy. Click the upvote icon at the top of the page to help raise this article through the indy100 rankings

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Right now, some of the biggest names in boxing are YouTubers – and they’re opening up the sport to new audiences like never before. More young people than ever are getting interested into the sport though non-traditional avenues, and they’re getting inspired by the likes of Logan Paul and KSI, who takes on Tommy Fury this weekend. But what are the best things to do if you’re wanting to get involved and give boxing a go yourself? Well, we got an expert opinion. Kingsley Walker is a former boxer and the owner of Mamba Gym group and he’s seen more people than ever before coming into the gym. While he admits he believes the phenomenon of YouTube boxing is doing more harm than good at the very top level, the benefits at grass roots level are very clear indeed. We spoke to Kingsley and asked his expert advice on the five steps people should take if they’re looking to get involved in the sport for themselves for the first time. Join your local boxing club If there was one piece of advice for people inspired to pick up boxing, it was to seek out their local boxing club. It sounds simple enough, but the importance of specialist coaching in what is a growing industry can’t be understated. “The best route for them is to look up their local boxing club,” Kingsley said. “Our sport has been growing and growing since the 2012 Olympics. We've had a lot of funding put our way. And that's just great, especially when it comes to female boxing as well which is massive. “Pretty much every town in the country has an amateur boxing club. From a safety perspective, I would go down that route as well, because all England Boxing Clubs have to be DBS checked and have the right safeguarding and licences… Go down for a trial session, most of them do your first session free.” Avoid sparring without expert supervision It’s tempting to get a pair of gloves on and get going straight away, but Kingsley stressed just how important it was to spar while under expert supervision. When asked what to definitely avoid, he replied: “To spar without proper coaches and people overseeing it”. Speaking about the dangers of doing so without , he said that it can result in “people just getting absolutely knocked out” and added that it “looks so bad on the sport”. Come into the sport with the right attitude If there’s anything people know about boxing training from the outset, it’s how hard it is. The sport is not meant to be easy, after all, and Kingsley stressed that people coming to it for the first time should have the right attitude – and never assume it’s going to be easy just because they’ve seen their favourite YouTubers give it a go. Describing newcomers as a “blank state”, he said that in his experience they often “don't realise how tough the sport is until they actually start training.” “They think it's easy. And that changes quite quickly,” he added. Don’t be intimidated Sure, it’s not easy – but people shouldn’t be intimidated when it comes to getting involved either. “The whole point of amateur boxing is to get as many youngsters involved in the gym as possible and get them on the right path” Kingsley told us, referencing how gyms had changed over the years. “The old style of boxing clubs being rough, intimidating places just doesn't work anymore because there are so many options. He added: “We spend a bit of money on making our gyms look nice and welcoming because we want as many people in there as possible. Places have got to move in the times. Otherwise, they'll find people will just go elsewhere.” Boxing clubs are for everyone, so don't be afraid to get involved. Once you’ve found your feet, try Tabata workouts There are plenty of athletes out there who’ll tell you boxing training is the hardest in the world – and Tabata is the thing that’ll get you in the best shape for it, according to Kingsley. But what exactly is it? Essentially, it’s intense interval training which will prepare your body for the experiences of sparring in a competitive environment. The exercise was founded by Japanese scientist Izumi Tabata in the late '90s, and it’s a form of high-intensity interval training (HIIT). “It’s the sort of training that can best replicate what it’s like competing, because you're getting you balance the intensity with rest,” he said. Explaining what the workouts involve, kingley explained that it involves short blasts of around 20 seconds, before resetting for 20 seconds, then going again. As an initial kickstarted, Tabatas are the way to go. Once people start getting more serious, that’s when the other endurance training starts. “Once you start competing and training you can start doing the running,” Kingsley said. Sign up for our free Indy100 weekly newsletter Have your say in our news democracy. Click the upvote icon at the top of the page to help raise this article through the indy100 rankings

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